acute and chronic effects of nitrendipine on naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal in mice

there is growing evidence indicating that neuronal calcium channels play an important role in the mechanism of morphine dependence. in this study, the effects of acute and chronic administration of nitrendipine on naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal signs were investigated. mice were rendered dependent to morphine by subcutaneous injection of morphine over a period of 5 days. in chronic studies, nitrendipine (25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.), or vehicle injections were given once a day during the morphine treatment, and the last injection of nitrendipine was given 24 h before the morphine withdrawal. for acute studies, nitrendipine (25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) was given 1 h after the last dose of morphine (1 h before naloxone). a single injection of nitrendipine at 25 mg/kg was ineffective in blocking most signs of morphine withdrawal, however, at 50 mg/kg nitrendipine blocked signs such as hair raising, sniffing, diarrhea and number of jumping. the concurrent injections of nitrendipine with morphine prevented most signs of morphine withdrawal. in agreement with previous findings, these results suggest that alterations in voltage-sensitive calcium channels play a role in the adaptations that occur on chronic treatment with morphine.